Qal‘at Shayzar ( Citadel), An Arabic inscription on top of the citadel entrance.

Qal‘at Shayzar ( Citadel), An Arabic inscription on top of the citadel entrance.

Busra - al-Jami‘ (mosque) al-ʿUmari - Islamic inscriptions

Busra – al-Jami‘ (mosque) al-ʿUmari – Islamic inscriptions

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Inner courtyard, Jamiʿ as-Sinaniyya

Inner courtyard, Jamiʿ as-Sinaniyya

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Turbat Khaʾirbak (mausoleum), western facade and dome

Turbat Khaʾirbak (mausoleum), western facade and dome

The eastern altar, al-Karasi

The eastern altar, al-Karasi

Jabla, Mosque of Sultan Ibrahim, Quranic calligraphy

Jabla, Mosque of Sultan Ibrahim, Quranic calligraphy

Qalʿat (castle) al-Qadmus, Insciption

Qalʿat (castle) al-Qadmus, Insciption

Numbering application example for floors based on a room in Bayt Ghazala

Bayt-Ghazala_room-19_floors

Orientation plan example for walls based on room 07 in Bayt Ghazala

Bayt-Ghazala_room-07_walls

Numbering application example for the courtyard floor into smaller sections, based on a plan of Bayt Ghazala, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.06_Bayt-Ghazala_room-02

Yabrud: residential houses with central hall floor plans

Yabrud: residential houses with central hall floor plans

Yabrud: residential houses with central hall disposition and three-arcade-motif

Yabrud: residential houses with central hall disposition and three-arcade-motif

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, Coffeehouse, interior

Numbering application example for walls based on a room in Bayt Ghazala

Bayt-Ghazala_room-19_walls

Roman tower tomb in Sarrin

Roman tower tomb in Sarrin

Bab al-Maqam, part of the old city's wall

Bab al-Maqam, part of the old city’s wall

Jamiʿ al-Qayqan, stone engraving - hieroglyphic pictorial writing

Jamiʿ al-Qayqan, stone engraving – hieroglyphic pictorial writing

Numbering application example for ceilings based on a room in Bayt Ghazala

Bayt-Ghazala_room-19_ceilings

Great Mosque, prayer hall, wooden pulpit (minbar)

Great Mosque, prayer hall, wooden pulpit (minbar)

Great Mosque, prayer hall, Shrine of the Prophet Zakariya

Great Mosque, prayer hall, Shrine of the Prophet Zakariya

View of al-Kilaniyya Norias

View of al-Kilaniyya Norias

Minaret of an-Nuri Mosque

Minaret of an-Nuri Mosque

A side of the courtyard arches, an-Nuri Mosque

A side of the courtyard arches, an-Nuri Mosque

View at an-Nuri Mosque and the Kilaniyya Norias on the Orontes River, Hama

View at an-Nuri Mosque and the Kilaniyya Norias on the Orontes River, Hama

Minaret of the great mosque, (al-Jamiʿ al-Kabir), Maʿarrat an-Nuʿman

Minaret of the great mosque, (al-Jamiʿ al-Kabir), Maʿarrat an-Nuʿman

Multilayered wall construction: generic example of a 2-shell stone masonry wall with rubble infill

Wall-2-leaves

Minaret of al-Imam Ismaʿil Mosque, as-Salamiyya

Minaret of al-Imam Ismaʿil Mosque, as-Salamiyya